自“克洛伊氏毒素”发现以来，利用细菌进行癌症免疫治疗逐渐引起广泛关注。然而，基于细菌的治疗持续面临的挑战之一是在安全性和免疫原性之间取得平衡。去除毒力因子的基因工程细菌可以通过整合遗传元件进一步增强抗肿瘤能力。此外，细菌衍生物，包括细菌分泌产生的外膜囊泡（OMV）和修饰OMV合成的纳米囊泡，可以增强抗肿瘤免疫力，同时提高安全性。这一视角讨论了工程细菌及其衍生物用于免疫治疗的独特优势，以及实现临床转化需要克服的挑战。版权所有 © 2024 Yuji Tang 等人。

Leveraging bacteria for cancer immunotherapy has gradually attracted wide attention since the discovery of "Cloey's toxin." However, one of the persistent challenges for bacteria-based therapy is striking a balance between safety and immunogenicity. Genetically engineered bacteria with virulence factors removed could further enhance antitumor ability by integrating genetic elements. In addition, bacterial derivatives, including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by bacterial secretion and nanovesicles synthesized by modification of OMVs, could enhance antitumor immunity while improving safety. This perspective discusses the unique advantages of engineered bacteria and their derivatives for immunotherapy, as well as the challenges that need to be overcome to achieve clinical translation.Copyright © 2024 Yuji Tang et al.