黑色素瘤是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，根据癌症统计（2024年），转移性黑色素瘤的五年死亡率高达62%。近年来，黑色素瘤的研究重点主要集中在免疫治疗和靶向治疗上，应对耐药性和免疫原性等挑战。纳米颗粒 (NP) 的发现将纳米递送系统推向了黑色素瘤诊断和治疗的最前沿。尽管某些纳米粒子（如脂质体）已获得临床批准，但利用大多数纳米递送系统进行黑色素瘤诊断和治疗仍处于探索阶段。纳米粒子的固有局限性对其临床转化构成了主要障碍。通过选择合适的纳米载体和功能化纳米粒子来优化纳米递送系统，并将这些系统与其他疗法相结合，可以减少与常规疗法和纳米粒子本身相关的全身毒性和耐药性。这种优化可以显着提高纳米递送系统在黑色素瘤早期检测和及时治疗方面的有效性。然而，近三年来关于NPs的优化以及与其他疗法的联合应用在黑色素瘤的治疗和诊断应用中的综述却很少。本文综述了近三年来纳米递送系统在黑色素瘤诊断和治疗中的最新应用，包括临床前和临床研究的创新和成果，为其潜力和未来应用前景提供了新的视角。它整合了临床数据和专利信息，突出了纳米递送系统开发的趋势，并为其临床转化提供了新的见解。此外，它还讨论了纳米递送系统在黑色素瘤治疗中的挑战和机遇，为推进其在诊断、治疗和临床翻译中的应用奠定了基础。© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd。所有权利，包括文本和数据挖掘、人工智能保留培训和类似技术。

Melanoma is a common malignant tumor, with a five-year mortality rate as high as 62% in cases of metastatic melanoma according to cancer statistics (2024). In recent years, the focus of melanoma research has predominantly centered on immunotherapy and targeted therapy, grappling with challenges such as resistance and immunogenicity. The discovery of nanoparticles (NPs) has brought nano-delivery systems to the forefront of melanoma diagnosis and treatment. Although certain NPs, like liposomes, have gained clinical approval, utilizing most nano-delivery systems for melanoma diagnosis and treatment remains largely exploratory. The inherent limitations of NPs present a major obstacle to their clinical translation. By selecting suitable nanocarriers and functionalizing NPs to optimize nano-delivery systems, and combining these systems with other therapies, it is possible to reduce the systemic toxicity and resistance associated with conventional therapies and the NPs themselves. This optimization could significantly improve the effectiveness of nano-delivery systems in the early detection and timely treatment of melanoma. However, there have been few reviews on the optimization of NPs and the combined application of other therapies in the treatment and diagnostic application of melanoma in the past three years. This review summarizes the latest applications of nano-delivery systems in the diagnosis and treatment of melanoma over the past three years, including innovations and achievements in both preclinical and clinical studies, offering new perspectives on their potential and future application prospects. It integrates clinical data and patent information, highlights trends in nano-delivery system development, and offers new insights into their clinical translation. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities of nano-delivery systems in melanoma treatment, providing a foundation for advancing their application in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical translation.© 2024 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.