癌症是美国第二大死亡原因，也是全球最流行的疾病之一，由于吸烟、污染、不良饮食习惯、肥胖和老年人口增加，癌症发病率预计将上升。鉴于其减少危险因素的能力，尽管功效各异，营养和禁食可以帮助预防癌症和其他与年龄相关的疾病。热量限制 (CR)、各种形式的间歇性禁食 (IF) 或定期禁食 (PF) 以及模拟禁食饮食 (FMD) 已被证明可以改善啮齿动物的健康寿命、延长寿命并预防或推迟癌症。特定饮食和禁食方案对衰老和癌症的影响似乎部分是由生长激素 (GH)/胰岛素样生长因子 1 (IGF-I) 轴活性的降低介导的。然而，最近的数据表明，这些激素和因子的低水平和正常水平的交替可能是优化寿命和功能的理想选择。在这里，我们回顾了营养、CR 和禁食/FMD 对癌症的作用，重点关注 GH、IGF-I 和胰岛素信号传导的调节部分介导这些饮食干预对癌症预防的影响的假设。

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and among the most prevalent diseases globally, with an incidence expected to grow because of smoking, pollution, poor dietary habits, obesity, and the rise in the older population. Given their ability to reduce risk factors, albeit with varying efficacy, nutrition and fasting could help prevent cancer and other age-related disorders. Calorie Restriction (CR), various forms of intermittent fasting (IF) or periodic fasting (PF), and fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) have been shown to improve health span, increase lifespan, and prevent or postpone cancer in rodents. The effects of specific diets and fasting regimens on aging and cancer appear to be mediated in part by the reduction in the activity of the Growth Hormone (GH)/Insulin-like-Growth-Factor-1 (IGF-I) axis. Nevertheless, recent data indicates that the alternation of low and normal levels of these hormones and factors may be ideal for optimizing longevity and function. Here we review the role of nutrition, CR, and fasting/FMD on cancer, focusing on the hypothesis that the modulation of GH, IGF-I, and insulin signaling partly mediates the effect of these dietary interventions on cancer prevention.