光子上转换纳米粒子（UCNP）已被确立为模拟和数字格式的亲和力测定的标签。本文综述了基于 UCNP 的先进或智能系统，这些 UCNP 涂有活性壳、荧光染料以及参与能量转移反应的金属和半导体纳米颗粒。此外，开关元件可以嵌入此类组件中并提供动作的时间和空间控制，这对于细胞内成像和监测活动非常重要。报告了对代表性方法的论证和批判性评论，展示了此类 UCNP 在细胞中靶分子的生物分析测定、成像和监测中的使用进展，包括癌症治疗诊断领域的特定示例。© 2024。作者，获得 Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria（Springer Nature 旗下公司）的独家许可。

Photon-upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) have already been established as labels for affinity assays in analog and digital formats. Here, advanced, or smart, systems based on UCNPs coated with active shells, fluorescent dyes, and metal and semiconductor nanoparticles participating in energy transfer reactions are reviewed. In addition, switching elements can be embedded in such assemblies and provide temporal and spatial control of action, which is important for intracellular imaging and monitoring activities. Demonstration and critical comments on representative approaches demonstrating the progress in the use of such UCNPs in bioanalytical assays, imaging, and monitoring of target molecules in cells are reported, including particular examples in the field of cancer theranostics.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.