广泛使用针对传染病的有效疫苗被认为是公共卫生和预防传染病和癌症技术方面最重要的进步之一。由于疫苗接种的目的是引发针对病原体的适当、强大且持久的免疫反应，因此必须使用佐剂等化合物来增强这些反应。佐剂自被发现以来已被广泛用于增强免疫反应、预防疾病和激活保护性免疫力。如今，多种类型的具有不同特性的佐剂可用于特定的应用。佐剂是超分子物质或复合物，可增强和延长对抗原的免疫反应。这些化合物具有长期的免疫作用并且毒性低。它们还降低了提高疫苗功效所需的抗原量或免疫原性反应的数量，并用于特定人群。本文概述了疫苗接种行业中常用的佐剂及其各自的作用机制，并讨论了它们如何发挥刺激免疫系统的作用。了解佐剂的作用机制对于开发有效且安全的疫苗至关重要。

The widespread use of efficient vaccines against infectious diseases is regarded as one of the most significant advancements in public health and techniques for preventing and protecting against infectious diseases and cancer. Because the purpose of vaccination is to elicit an appropriate, powerful, and long-lasting immune response against the pathogen, compounds such as adjuvants must be used to enhance these responses. Adjuvants have been widely used since their discovery to boost immune responses, prevent diseases, and activate protective immunity. Today, several types of adjuvants with varying properties are available for specific applications. Adjuvants are supramolecular substances or complexes that strengthen and prolong the immune response to antigens. These compounds have long-term immunological effects and are low in toxicity. They also lower the amount of antigen or the number of immunogenic reactions needed to improve vaccine efficacy and are used in specific populations. This article provides an overview of the adjuvants commonly used in the vaccination industry, their respective mechanisms of action, and discusses how they function to stimulate the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms of action of adjuvants is crucial for the development of effective and safe vaccines.