癌症的高发病率和死亡率仍然是一个全球性挑战。由于副作用，传统治疗方式的成功受到质疑。光动力疗法（PDT）是一种潜在的替代方案。它利用光敏剂 (PS)、光和氧气的组合来靶向局部组织，从而最大限度地减少对邻近健康组织的损害。传统的聚苯乙烯存在选择性差、疏水性高和活性自由基产量不理想的问题。石墨烯纳米材料 (GN) 在 PDT 中使用时表现出有趣的颗粒和光物理特性。我们重点描述 PDT 介导的癌细胞消除的机制以及适应性免疫的后续发展。在回顾了关于 GN 显着增强 PDT 能力的最新文献之后，我们讨论了将 PDT 与化疗、免疫和光热疗法相结合以使治疗更有效的可能性。 GN 可以合成各种尺寸范围，并且可以通过表面功能化和掺杂来提高它们的生物相容性。它们可以用作 PS 来产生 ROS 或与其他 PS 分子结合来治疗深部肿瘤。随着生物安全性证据的增加，此类材料为抗肿瘤治疗带来了希望。

High incidence and fatality rates of cancer remain a global challenge. The success of conventional treatment modalities is being questioned on account of adverse effects. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potential alternative. It utilizes a combination of photosensitizer (PS), light and oxygen to target the tissues locally, thereby minimizing the damage to neighboring healthy tissues. Conventional PSs suffer from poor selectivity, high hydrophobicity and sub-optimal yield of active radicals. Graphene nanomaterials (GNs) exhibit interesting particulate and photophysical properties in the context of their use in PDT.We focus on describing the mechanistic aspects of PDT-mediated elimination of cancer cells and the subsequent development of adaptive immunity. After covering up-to-date literature on the significant enhancement of PDT capability with GNs, we have discussed the probability of combining PDT with chemo-, immuno- and photothermal therapy to make the treatment more effective.GNs can be synthesized in various size ranges, and their biocompatibility can be improved through surface functionalization and doping. These can be used as PS to generate ROS or conjugated with other PS molecules for treating deep-seated tumors. With increasing evidence on biosafety, such materials offer hope as antitumor therapeutics.