膀胱癌（BLCa）仍然是一种常见的恶性肿瘤，复发率高，治疗选择有限。近年来，患者来源的类器官（PDO）已成为以个性化方式研究癌症生物学和治疗反应的有前途的平台。通过药物筛选，PDO 有助于识别新型治疗药物和转化治疗策略。此外，它们能够模拟患者对治疗的特异性反应，有望预测临床结果和指导治疗决策。本次探索性综述旨在调查 PDO 在推进 BLCa 研究和治疗方面的潜力，重点是转化临床方法。此外，我们分析了从微创血液和尿液样本中提取 PDO 的可行性。除了探索 PDO 在预测患者结果及其模拟 BLCa 不同阶段的能力方面的假设应用外，我们还对已发表的数据进行了全面的 PubMed 搜索：以及对目前正在进行的在癌症患者（无论肿瘤实体）的精准医疗中实施 PDO 的试验进行全面筛选。虽然 BLCa PDO 的研究进展迅速，但 BLCa PDO 研究及其临床应用的数据却很少。鉴于此，本出版物选择了叙述性评论格式。BLCa PDO 有潜力影响精准医学领域并增强个性化癌症治疗策略。然而，PDO 生成的标准化方案、其理想的临床应用及其对结果的影响仍有待确定。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了使用患者来源的类器官、小型三维类器官的现状和未来需求。膀胱癌中肿瘤细胞的化身。源自患者的膀胱癌类器官为研究和治疗膀胱癌提供了一种更加个性化的方法，提供了一个与患者自身肿瘤非常相似的模型。这些类器官可以帮助研究人员确定新的治疗方案并预测个体患者对标准疗法的反应。通过使用血液和尿液等微创样本，患者可以更轻松地参与研究，从而有可能改善膀胱癌的治疗结果。版权所有 © 2024 欧洲泌尿外科协会。由 Elsevier B.V. 出版。保留所有权利。

Bladder cancer (BLCa) remains a prevalent malignancy with high recurrence rates and limited treatment options. In recent years, patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have emerged as a promising platform for studying cancer biology and therapeutic responses in a personalized manner. Using drug screening, PDOs facilitate the identification of novel therapeutic agents and translational treatment strategies. Moreover, their ability to model patient-specific responses to treatments holds promise for predicting clinical outcomes and guiding treatment decisions. This exploratory review aims to investigate the potential of PDOs in advancing BLCa research and treatment, with an emphasis on translational clinical approaches. Furthermore, we analyze the feasibility of deriving PDOs from minimally invasive blood and urine samples.In addition to exploring hypothetical applications of PDOs for predicting patient outcomes and their ability to model different stages of BLCa, we conducted a comprehensive PubMed search on already published data as well as comprehensive screening of currently ongoing trials implementing PDOs in precision medicine in cancer patients irrespective of the tumor entity.While the research on BLCa PDOs is advancing rapidly, data on both BLCa PDO research and their clinical application are scarce. Owing to this fact, a narrative review format was chosen for this publication.BLCa PDOs have the potential to influence the domain of precision medicine and enhance personalized cancer treatment strategies. However, standardized protocols for PDO generation, their ideal clinical application, as well as their impact on outcomes remain to be determined.In this review, we discuss the current state and future needs for the use of patient-derived organoids, small three-dimensional avatars of tumor cells, in bladder cancer. Patient-derived bladder cancer organoids offer a more personalized approach to studying and treating bladder cancer, providing a model that closely resembles the patient's own tumor. These organoids can help researchers identify new treatment options and predict how individual patients may respond to standard therapies. By using minimally invasive samples such as blood and urine, patients can participate in research studies more easily, potentially leading to improved outcomes in bladder cancer treatment.Copyright © 2024 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.