随着癌症神经科学领域的扩展，神经元、癌细胞和肿瘤微环境中其他元素之间相互作用的战略目标代表了癌症治疗的潜在范式转变，这与我们目前对肿瘤免疫学的理解的出现相当。癌细胞主动释放刺激肿瘤新生神经发生的生长因子，越来越多的证据表明肿瘤新生神经支配推动肿瘤进展，抑制肿瘤相关促炎细胞因子，促进新生血管形成，促进转移并调节免疫耗竭和逃避。在这篇综述中，我们对肿瘤微环境的动态进行了最新概述，重点是周围神经系统对肿瘤的神经支配，以及目前针对神经系统在癌症中的益处的临床前和临床证据，为进一步的临床试验奠定科学基础。将经验数据与生物标志物驱动的方法相结合，识别和磨练与癌症及其扩散有关的神经元靶点，可以为快速临床整合铺平道路。© 2024。Springer Nature Limited。

As the field of cancer neuroscience expands, the strategic targeting of interactions between neurons, cancer cells and other elements in the tumour microenvironment represents a potential paradigm shift in cancer treatment, comparable to the advent of our current understanding of tumour immunology. Cancer cells actively release growth factors that stimulate tumour neo-neurogenesis, and accumulating evidence indicates that tumour neo-innervation propels tumour progression, inhibits tumour-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, promotes neovascularization, facilitates metastasis and regulates immune exhaustion and evasion. In this Review, we give an up-to-date overview of the dynamics of the tumour microenvironment with an emphasis on tumour innervation by the peripheral nervous system, as well as current preclinical and clinical evidence of the benefits of targeting the nervous system in cancer, laying a scientific foundation for further clinical trials. Combining empirical data with a biomarker-driven approach to identify and hone neuronal targets implicated in cancer and its spread can pave the way for swift clinical integration.© 2024. Springer Nature Limited.