自身抗体是由自身反应性 B 细胞响应自身抗原而产生的免疫球蛋白。细胞外囊泡（EV）是几乎所有类型的细胞释放的膜结构，广泛分布在各种生物体液中。研究表明，负载自身抗原的EV不仅在抗原呈递和自身抗体产生中发挥重要作用，而且还可以与自身抗体形成功能性免疫复合物（称为EV自身抗体）。虽然大量论文总结了致病性自身抗体在疾病，特别是自身免疫性疾病中的产生和功能，但对 EV 自身抗体的评论很少。在这篇综述中，我们概述了有关 EV、自身抗体和 EV 抗原的现有知识，重点介绍了 EV 自身抗体的形成及其在自身免疫性疾病和癌症中的功能。总之，EV自身抗体可能参与疾病的发生，并且也可以作为潜在的非侵入性标志物，有助于疾病的诊断和/或预后。建议进行更多旨在更详细地定义 EV 自身抗体的分子特征及其对疾病的贡献的研究。版权所有 © 2024。由 Elsevier Ltd 出版。

Autoantibodies are immunoglobulin proteins produced by autoreactive B cells responding to self-antigens. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous structures released by almost all types of cells and extensively distributed in various biological fluids. Studies have indicated that EVs loaded with self-antigens not only play important roles in antigen presentation and autoantibody production but can also form functional immune complexes with autoantibodies (termed EV autoantibodies). While numerous papers have summarized the production and function of pathogenic autoantibodies in diseases, especially autoimmune diseases, reviews on EV autoantibodies are rare. In this review, we outline the existing knowledge about EVs, autoantibodies, and EV antigens, highlighting the formation of EV autoantibodies and their functions in autoimmune diseases and cancers. In conclusion, EV autoantibodies may be involved in the occurrence of disease(s) and also serve as potential non-invasive markers that could help in the diagnosis and/or prognosis of disease. Additional studies designed to define in more detail the molecular characteristics of EV autoantibodies and their contribution to disease are recommended.Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.