癌症的复杂性需要采用全面的方法来了解其不同的表现和潜在机制。癌症标志最初由 Hanahan 和 Weinberg 于 2000 年概述，并于 2010 年更新，为理解癌症生物学的固有变异性提供了概念基础。最近的扩展进一步阐明了其他特征，包括表型可塑性和衰老细胞。国际癌症研究机构 (IARC) 确定了致癌物 (KCC) 的关键特征，以评估其致癌潜力。我们分析了与环境暴露有关的化学物质，这些化学物质与特定受体相互作用，诱导基因组不稳定、表观遗传改变、免疫抑制和受体介导的效应，从而导致慢性炎症。尽管致癌性程度不同，但这些化学物质具有相似的 KCC 特征。我们的分析强调了受体结合在激活大多数其他 KCC 中的关键作用，强调了它们在癌症发生中的重要性。尽管 KCC 与早期分子或细胞事件相关，但它们并不包含与完整细胞恶性肿瘤直接相关的过程。因此，需要将明确的终点纳入化学测试中，以将 KCC 锚定为获取完整的恶性表型。从毒理学和癌症研究的角度来看，结合现有和新型 KCC 和癌症标志的全方位策略对于有针对性地识别流行的致癌物并促进特定区域的预防策略至关重要。为了实现这一目标，KCC 和癌症标志社区之间的合作至关重要。版权所有 © 2024 Senga、Bisson 和 Colacci。

The complexity of cancer requires a comprehensive approach to understand its diverse manifestations and underlying mechanisms. Initially outlined by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and updated in 2010, the hallmarks of cancer provide a conceptual basis for understanding inherent variability in cancer biology. Recent expansions have further elucidated additional hallmarks, including phenotypic plasticity and senescent cells. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has identified the key characteristics of carcinogens (KCCs) to evaluate their carcinogenic potential. We analyzed chemicals of concern for environmental exposure that interact with specific receptors to induce genomic instability, epigenetic alterations, immune suppression, and receptor-mediated effects, thereby contributing to chronic inflammation. Despite their varying degrees of carcinogenicity, these chemicals have similar KCC profiles. Our analysis highlights the pivotal role of receptor binding in activating most other KCCs, underscoring their significance in cancer initiation. Although KCCs are associated with early molecular or cellular events, they do not encompass processes directly linked to full cellular malignancy. Thus, there is a need to integrate clear endpoints that anchor KCCs to the acquisition of a complete malignant phenotype into chemical testing. From the perspective of toxicology and cancer research, an all-encompassing strategy that incorporates both existing and novel KCCs and cancer hallmarks is essential to enable the targeted identification of prevalent carcinogens and facilitate zone-specific prevention strategies. To achieve this goal, collaboration between the KCC and cancer hallmarks communities becomes essential.Copyright © 2024 Senga, Bisson and Colacci.